A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 1717 Words

â€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are not necessarily the same thing. The play, â€Å"A Doll House† written by Henrik Ibsen back in 1879 while exiled in Germany, reveals the desire of freedom from Nora, a typical house wife in Norway back in the end of 19th century. An event of secret loan†¦show more content†¦At the scene Helmer replies: â€Å"Yes, it’s not at all impossible. Mrs. Linde, I suppose you’re a widow† (Ibsen 1126), after Nora asks Torvald to consider giving Linde, her friend, a position in the bank. All show the inferior status of women in the family, and in the society’s legal structure. Not only that the society calls for a woman â€Å"no deceiving† as a wife under any circumstance, but also women basically are forbidden to do many things financially, including borrowing. A woman back then should be dependent on her family and not supposed to have a serious job unless being a widow or not married. In â€Å"The position of Women in Norway†, Pernille Là ¸nne Mà ¸rkhagen states that â€Å"up the 1854, Norwegian women acquired inheritance rights. But, not until 1890s that married women gained the right to control their own wealth. Prior to the start of industrialization in the 19th century, the role of women was entirely subservient to men† (Mà ¸rkhagen). Though Norway is a leading country to address women’s right now, the social norm back then in Norway is still a male dominating society. It is especially true once we learn that Henrik Ibsen was born in Norway (1828-1906), and â€Å"A Doll House† is one of the famous plays he wrote to reveal the social issues encountering during that time (â€Å"Henrik Ibsen Biography.com†). A partner, the desire for women to be treatedShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signedRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1094 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen was born in 1828 to a wealthy family, however, when he was just eight years old his family went bankrupt, and they lost their status in society. Ibsen knew how the issue of money could destroy a person’s reputation in no time at all. That is how he makes the characters in this play, A Doll’s House, so believable. Nora and Mrs. Linde, the two main female characters in the play, have had issues i n the past of how money and forgery ruined their lives. Nora forged her dead father’s signature

What Justice Means to Me - 1145 Words

What Justice Means to Me and How I Will Impact Society Karin Jordan University of Phoenix This class is the first in my major of Criminal Justice, and throughout this class there will be a great deal of valuable information obtained. Justice can have several meanings to it because all of us are different in our own way, and we all will have different outlook on situations. Throughout this research paper you will learn about what justice means to me, and how I think I will impact society once I achieve my bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice. Secondly, you will be able to compare with the remaining of the class mates to see exactly how many of our views are the same or different. Last but not least, there will be at least two†¦show more content†¦The reason I disagree that â€Å"justice was served† is because Stallworth killed a human-being versus Vick killing dogs. Stallworth should have been required to do some type of prison term for killing a human-being due to drunk driving because it still was a death involved. It shouldn’t matter how much money or fame a person may have if a crime is committed then there should be proper punishment for the crime. Now that I have explained two examples based on my opinion if justice was served or not I feel that I will impact society in some way once I obtain my bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice. I will be fair in any decision that needs to be made due to the situation of the client I may be dealing with at that time. I will also consider trying and helping to create positive outcomes for the clients that maybe on parole or probation at that time. I will avoid trying to be negative with the clients because they already going to have a negative outlook about themselves in some people perspectives. I feel once they have served their time for the crime the individual should have a second chance at regaining a positive outcome for their life. For example: If I had a client that was charged with assault and battery and they served their sentence and then was placed on two years of probation, I will then come up with a plan to help the client with theirShow MoreRelatedInjustice for Justi ce: an Analysis on Equity in the the Tempest1440 Words   |  6 PagesJustice is the pursuit of righteousness and moral good standing within an individual or a group. Shakespeare, however, gives new perspective to this idea of justice in his work, The Tempest. Shakespeare critiques justice and portrays it in way in which justice is defined as the rule of the majority, and governed by the person with most power. Through the actions of the main character, Prospero; this new viewpoint of both justice and mercy emerges. Prospero, once the Duke of Milan, seeks revengeRead MoreHuman Experience Reflection1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthat I hated reading the material for Human Experience and Imagining Justice. As I said in my letter, the class sucked, but after reflecting, I realize how much I have learned about myself from them. I think that Human Experience really helped me grow as an individual and find myself in the chaotic time of being a freshman at a college thousands of miles away from home. Human Experience and all my other classes here at Eckerd helped me put my life into perspective in relation to the rest of the worldRead MoreIs Nietzsche’s Belief of Justice Sound?782 Words   |  3 Pageshis second essay to prove that justice, is ultimately a version of the equalization of suffering, in terms of the creditor/debtor relationship. Through the course of this paper, I will discuss whether Nietzsche’s belief of justice being a form of the equalization of suffering is sound. My argu ment will be presented in three phases: I will first provide background information in reference to the creditor/debtor relationship, I will then elucidate what Nietzsche means by his belief, and lastly, I willRead MoreMy Roles and Responsibilities as a Global Citizen1004 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion from myself almost every single day. As a global citizen i believe i am from this earth not from one country of another and this reminds me that we are all the same, despite of our differences we are all still human beings with the same origins, a beating heart and blood running through our veins. My consciousness towards my Creator(GOD) leads me to be conscious of all lives, cultures, races and beliefs. As a Global citizen in my personal life i hold myself accountable for many responsibilitiesRead MoreSocial Work Reflection Paper871 Words   |  4 PagesA helping profession is one that nurtures the growth of or addresses the problems of a persons physical, psychological, intellectual, emotional or spiritual well-being. At this stage of my life Social Work is what I am most interested in practicing because it provides opportunities for me to work in many different settings with people whose problems, issues and needs are diverse. My second choice would then be guidance counseling which is the process of helping individuals discover and develop theirRead MoreDead Man Walking802 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Reflection: Restorative and Retributive Justice and Culture of Life and Death By: Maria Camila Cuellar â€Å"Dead man walking† is an expression often used by a police officer when accompanying a criminal walking towards his death. How can a dead man walk? This is a contradicting sentence that makes no sense. It dehumanizes the person walking and lets the person know that is going to die for the infraction committed. This is one of the last sentences Matthew Poncelot in the movie â€Å"Dead ManRead MoreJournal Of Chinese Philosophy : Serial Online1077 Words   |  5 Pagesa need, in which resides the vulnerability of the face. The face is an open hand that seeks compensation. It needs something, and asks me for something. This means that the other needs me and anticipates me. The other is poor, which is more severe than being weak. Being poor is the superlative of being weak. The other is so weak that he [they] makes demands on me. Third, the face is [also] a command and an authority. Therefore, the face bears an obligation and a moral value. The face is a moral imperativeRea d MoreJustice Is The Quality Of Being Just967 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does Justice mean to me? Coming into the course I was always taught that Justice is the quality of being just; the treatment of people that is fair and morally right. Now that I have taken Justice and Society and went more in depth of what Justice really is, those thoughts were pushed from my mind. I have come to realize that the law resembles little to nothing to the ideas of justice and fairness I previously had. To me, I now view Justice as a way for us to refrain from political influencesRead MoreThe Book By Nicholas Wolterstorff1709 Words   |  7 Pagesexpecting anything in return. The writer goes ahead to suggest that the Christians view of benevolence is mistaken because it sometimes undermines justice. He explains using various examples that benevolence often conflicts with justice. Wolterstorff explains that benevolence comes when doing what we feel is good as opposed to what is required of us by ju stice. He uses the example of South Africa to explain why he feels that love actually contributes to injustice. He explains how the Afrikaners perpetratedRead MoreShould Extinction Be Forever? Restitution, Restoration, And Reviving Extinct Species By Christian Diehm1349 Words   |  6 Pagesbe discussed today is Should Extinction be Forever? Restitution, Restoration, and Reviving Extinct Species by Christian Diehm. This article is about reversing the plant extinction, or ‘de-extinction’, and how to further this project. This process means that when human damages, or kills an organism they owe restitution towards that species, or a relative of theirs. There are benefits to this design, and there are portions that would not add up if all followed. There are many people who have contributed

Character Analysis of Mary Maloney Lamb to the Slaughter free essay sample

We then see Mary’s character transform before our eyes and the once loving, dutiful housewife becomes a very devious, manipulative and cold hearted character. She manages to fool everyone maybe even herself. As the story unfolds, we see Many as a very cold hearted person as she kills her husband in the blink of an eye. After her husband has told her he plans to leave her and refuses to let her cook supper for him, Mary strikes out and hits him with a leg of lamb that she had planned to cook for supper. At that point, Many Maloney simply walks up behind him and without any pause she swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could on the back of his head (Dahl, p. 13). Mary acts instinctively and hits her husband, stopping him from leaving her permanently. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis of Mary Maloney Lamb to the Slaughter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mary is definitely shows the cold hearted aspect of her character. Mary is also a very devious person in that she not only kills her husband in cold blood, but she then precedes to create an alibi for herself. She practices her speech in the mirror, and then goes to the grocery store where she is sure the grocer will remember her as a calm, loving wife. She sat down before the mirror, tidied her hair, touched up her lips and face. She tried a smile. It came out rather peculiar. She tried again (Dahl, p. 14). Mary was now thinking very clearly in that she knew she needed to cover her tracks. These actions show that she was very clever and devious and was already thinking very clear in regard to the events that would follow. Mary is very manipulative in that she is able to create the character of the poor, pregnant wife, whose husband has just been murdered. She is able to convince the police to take pity on her, to mix her a drink and then to even eat the evidence, the leg of lamb that she has left in the oven. Why don’t you eat up that lamb that is in the oven (Dahl, p. 17). Mary realizes that if the police find the evidence she will go to jail. Her quick thinking and manipulative character results in the police officers eathign the evidence and therefore she cannot be charged of this crime. These actions show the complex character that Mary Maloney truly is. Throughout the entire story, Mary is a very interesting character. She faces many issues in dealing with her husband’s news that he is leaving her. She reacts based on her instincts and kills her husband and this shows her cold heartedness. In the end she has to create an alibi to cover up her devious crime in which she has to manipulate the police into eating the evidence. Mary is a very unique complex character and she has, through her actions conducted a devious crime in which she will be proven innocent. Through the use of Many Maloney’s character, as well as irony and suspense, the author was able to maintained the interest of the reader throughout the entire short story. http://www. shs. k12. nf. ca/ocaul/charcater%20analysis%20Mary%20Maloney. htm

Ministry in the Clearing Has Been Described as a Healing Ritua free essay sample

The symbolic healing caress, a convention that recalls the tradition of medieval kings who placed a ritual touch on the sick is represented in this passage. The touch of blessing permeates the story from Amy’s gentle massage and makeshift bandage for Sethe’s feet to Baby Suggs’s compassionate, methodical washing of Sethe’s body, quadrant by quadrant; from Paul D’s blessing of Sethe’s hideous tree-like scar to his loving return to Sethe’s bedside to anoint her feet and accept her for the powerful woman she once was and still can be. The motif grows more focused on womanhood through the use of myriad breast images, which connect suckling with the maternal will to raise healthy, whole and safe babies, whatever the cost. By extension, Baby Suggs offers a spiritual caress to the worshippers who surround her miniature Sermon on the Mount in the clearing. Her message restores their sense of self-worth by urging them to love their physical bodies, which have been so discounted by slavery that, like Paul D, they have confronted themselves in terms of value. We will write a custom essay sample on Ministry in the Clearing Has Been Described as a Healing Ritua or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Morrison also blends several religious conventions in this chapter. Like Pythia, Apollos priestess in ancient Delphi, Baby Suggs, holy sat in her shrine the Clearing and, without training, responded intuitively to the spiritual needs of all comers. Her Christ-like message, Let the children come, emulates Mark 10:14, Suffer the little children to come unto me. Reaching out to men and women as well, Baby Suggs bid the children to laugh, the men to dance, and the women to cry. The throng, mixing their roles in a symphony of laughter, dance, and sobs, responded to Baby Suggss great big heart. An example of Baby Suggs’ ‘healing ceremony’, Sethe follows the advice of her to deal with her past and lay it all down. Before Paul Ds arrival, she was satisfied to live with the memories of faces of Howard and Buglar and to keep her husband in mind somewhere out there. Now, because of Paul D’s revelation, she can only see an image of her husband with his face covered with butter. She knows she must exorcise such visions. Sethe decides that she must go to the Clearing to try and heal the past. Furthermore, Sethe wishes Baby Suggs was still around to rub her neck and say, Lay em down, Sethe. Sword and shield. Dont study war no more. She also wishes she could hear one of the healing sermons of Baby Suggs that would encourage her to get rid of her knives of defence against misery, regret, gall, and hurt. She still misses Baby Suggs, nine years after her mother-in-law succumbed to her weak heart. Like the Native American All-Mother or Mediterranean Earth Mother mythic figures who offer blessings and transcend time and place by permeating all cultures, Baby Suggs offers her own version of Christs beatitudes. After the battering self-denial of slavery, her followers need self-esteem more than theology. Baby Suggs exhorts them to find human comfort to love their hands and to use them in touching, patting, and stroking others. She names feet, backs, shoulders, arms, liver, and the prize—the heart. A foreshadowing of Baby Suggss heart condition as well as of Sethes need to rediscover her own self-worth, the scene anticipates the conclusion of the novel in which Sethe, no longer able to lean upon her wise mother-in-law, finds acceptance in Paul D and thus accepts herself. Baby Suggs revival meetings in the Clearing originated when she arrived in Cincinnati because her heart had remained intact, even though slavery had nearly destroyed the rest of her body. Baby Suggs instructed the blacks to love their bodies, especially their mouths and hearts. They had to love their mouths to battle the speechlessness imposed on them under slavery, and their hearts they had to love in order to preserve their human feelings-her old philosophy stood in sharp contrast to Paul Ds need to keep his heart locked away. However, what happened to Sethe broke Baby Suggs, convincing her that there was no bad luck in this world but whitefolks, and making her feel that her preaching had all been lies. Those were her final words; after Schoolteacher came to 124 and Sethe killed her daughter, Baby Suggs lost her faith and her will to live.

Learning how to drive

Learning how to drive Learning how to drive Learning how to drive is a very important skill. I learnt how to drive two years ago. Before I acquired this skill, I had hired a driver. I always found it difficult to learn the skill for reasons I cannot explain clearly. Perhaps it was phobia. I think fear of driving arose from an accident my father and I had encountered while coming from a holiday in Mombasa. The main rationale why I resolved to go to a driving school is that although I have a car, I always had been relying on my driver and at other times, my wife. Today, I am much more confident while on the wheel. I am able to drive my car in any road conditions. Previously, I had been wondering if I could ever do such a thing. By the time the driving lessons were over, I had gained enough confidence to drive any type of car. In order to acquire this skill, I had to prepare thoroughly for it. I had to wake up very early in the morning and retire to bed very late at night in order to study all the road rules and regulations. By the time woke up to my driving examination date, I had prepared myself very well both psychologically and intellectually. I had been asking advice from my friends, colleagues and relatives who have a driving license about how they went about preparing for the driving test when they were endeavoring to acquire some driving skills. Before I entered into the driving school, I had said prayers and requested God to let the fear disappear once and for all. If truth be told, I had been saying these very prayers many years before. It is only that these very last prayers seemed to me more significant. This is because the reality of what I was getting myself into was finally sinking in. While entering into the driving class for the first time, I felt intimidated by my classmates, all of who were strangers. Then, the class instructor asked us a general knowledge question and I answered it correctly. Suddenly, confidence overwhelmed me and for the first time in my life, I was sure I was going to get a driving license soon.

A Brief History of Cameroon, Africa

A Brief History of Cameroon, Africa The earliest inhabitants of Cameroon were likely the Bakas- or pygmies. They still inhabit the forests of the south and east provinces. Bantu speakers originating in the Cameroonian highlands were among the first groups to move out before other invaders. During the late 1770s and early 1800s, the Fulani- a pastoral Islamic people of the western Sahel- conquered most of what is now northern Cameroon, subjugating or displacing its largely non-Muslim inhabitants. Arrival of the Europeans Although the Portuguese arrived on Cameroons coast in the 1500s, malaria prevented significant European settlement and conquest of the interior until the late 1870s, when large supplies of the malaria suppressant, quinine, became available. The early European presence in Cameroon was primarily devoted to coastal trade and the acquisition of slaves. The northern part of Cameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade network. The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-19th century. Christian missions established a presence in the late 19th century and continue to play a role in Cameroonian life. From German Colony to League of Nation Mandates Beginning in 1884, all of present-day Cameroon and parts of several of its neighbors became the German colony of Kamerun, with a capital first at Buea and later at Yaounde. After World War I, this colony was partitioned between Britain and France under a June 28, 1919, League of Nations mandate. France gained the larger geographical share, transferred outlying regions to neighboring French colonies, and ruled the rest from Yaounde. Britains territory- a strip bordering Nigeria from the sea to Lake Chad, with an equal population- was ruled from Lagos. Struggle for Independence In 1955, the outlawed Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC), based largely among the Bamileke and Bassa ethnic groups, began an armed struggle for independence in French Cameroon. This rebellion continued, with diminishing intensity, even after independence. Estimates of death from this conflict vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands. French Cameroon achieved independence in 1960 as the Republic of Cameroon. The following year the largely Muslim northern two-thirds of British Cameroon voted to join Nigeria; the largely Christian southern third voted to join with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The formerly French and British regions each maintained substantial autonomy. A One Party State Ahmadou Ahidjo, a French-educated Fulani, was chosen President of the federation in 1961. Ahidjo, relying on a pervasive internal security apparatus, outlawed all political parties but his own in 1966. He successfully suppressed the UPC rebellion, capturing the last important rebel leader in 1970. In 1972, a new constitution replaced the federation with a unitary state. The Road to Multi-Party Democracy Ahidjo resigned as President in 1982 and was constitutionally succeeded by his Prime Minister, Paul Biya, a career official from the Bulu-Beti ethnic group. Ahidjo later regretted his choice of successors, but his supporters failed to overthrow Biya in a 1984 coup. Biya won single-candidate elections in 1984 and 1988 and flawed multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997. His Cameroon Peoples Democratic Movement (CPDM) party holds a sizeable majority in the legislature following 2002 elections- 149 deputies out of a total of 180. Source Public Domain material, US Department of State Background Notes.

Should Floridas school resource officers be permitted to use Tasers on Research Paper

Should Floridas school resource officers be permitted to use Tasers on youth - Research Paper Example The task force should consult a legal expert and all the stake holders to be affected by the policy. The policy is most effective when those affected by the policy are consulted, are supportive and have the opportunity to consider and discuss the potential implications of the policy. The task force team should afterwards embark on the gathering of information, which concerns the flawed Taser law in the State, consulting various stakeholders that have been affected directly or indirectly by the law. The policy should then be drafted. In drafting the policy, should consider the various components and structure of the draft policy. In this draft policy, we have dealt with the statement of the policy , that is, the policy aims at ensuring that the citizens of the Florida state receives quality services as far as justice to criminal offenders are concerned. The policy should include; underpinning philosophy, objectives, actions to be taken, strategies, desired outcomes, performance indica tors, management plan, and the review program. Security is a vital aspect for economic growth for any country. A secure nation is characterized by stability hence good economic and standard of living. In this regard, every government works hard to ensure that its nation is secure (Appleton, 2013). To attain a secure nation, there should be well-outlined policies that need to be implemented. How a country’s national security policies are developed, coordinated, articulated and implemented is critical for the well-being of the country. It is worth noting that establishing policies is one aspect but implementation of those policies is another aspect. However, the foundation is the establishment of those policies. In this regard, the security agents needs a well-defined and smoothly functioning policy development and decision making process (Appleton, 2013). Studies suggest

Impeachment of two U.S. Presidents, Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton Essay

Impeachment of two U.S. Presidents, Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton - Essay Example A number of U.S Presidents were impeached from office, but the paper focuses on the comparison between Bill Clinton’s impeachment with Richard Nixon’s in the 1970s. In 1974, the United States court case against Richard Nixon took place. The Judiciary Committee passed three articles, but Nixon resigned from power prior to the vote by the whole House. The first article in accusation of Nixon stated that he had made misleading and false statements to try and cover up the Watergate allegation. Watergate was one of the plushest Hotels in Washington, yet its scandal was identified with the unlawful activities of the Nixon administration. It was carried out by five men employed by the re-election of Nixon’s campaign. It was organized to repair refined bugging instruments in the entire Democratic Party headquarters. The five men were paid with funds allocated for the Nixon re-election campaign. Investigations finally revealed that the administration upheld a â€Å"secre t intelligence fund† to probe political players and had intentionally spoiled Democratic campaigns by formulating leaks to the press. The second article argued that Nixon had breached the lawful rights of citizens and obstructed the due and right administration of justice. Clause three provided that Nixon failed to give some required information and papers to the House Judiciary committee. On the other hand, Bill Clinton’s charges in the U.S court case took place in 1998. Three articles of impeachment were created by the House Judiciary Committee, though just two were approved by the entire House. At the time when the articles were conveyed to the Senate, the number of majority vote of two thirds was not attained to make it possible to convict Clinton. The foremost item approved by the House gave the reason that Clinton had dishonored the constitutional oath by demoralizing the integrity of office as well as betraying his trust as the American President. Monica Lewinsky ’s sexual relationship with President Clinton was one of the reasons for his impeachment. Central to the entire scandal were claims that Lewinsky performed oral sex on Clinton. After the immunity test, Clinton was found innocent and resumed office. The other reason provided in the second article was that Clinton prevented, hindered, and obstructed the management of justice. The most notable fact in this case is that Nixon resigned but Clinton ignored the pressure and took it to an appeal and won the case. Nixon decided that he had to resign because he no longer had a strong political support in the Congress to enable him complete his term in Power. To him, the move was for the sake of the American citizens’ interests. On the other hand, Clinton made it clear that he was not ready to voluntarily leave office. He rejected the plea to resign even before the requests for him to step down were made. Again, he could not confess to breaking the law by lying under pledge conce rning his affair with Lewinsky, in the last hours of his impeachment. Clinton maintained that he had not committed perjury. From the above accounts, the differences between the reasons for impeaching the two presidents are clear. However, some similarities can be observed. Rationally, the articles state that both Clinton and Nixon obstructed and impeded the administration of justice. In addition, the two

Injustice in the Adversarial System Essay Example for Free

Injustice in the Adversarial System Essay Donald Black discussed in his book The Behavior of Law, when a society begins to grow and become more complex so does its legal system. The United States uses a system that may no longer be fit for handling all the complex problems it is faced with. Society has come to learn through the justice system that truth is very hard to find. The nature of the adversarial process may prevent it from reaching the true goal of every legal system: justice. This writing argues that the system in place now is not the correct one for the stage society is in now. The adversarial process in place does not search for the core values of â€Å"Justice† and â€Å"Truth†; its inadequacies create errors in the legal system. The legal system should abolish its value of â€Å"winning at all cost† and the methods it uses to achieve this outcome. This paper will not only shed light on the flaws in the legal system, but present other structures that may be better suited for the present stage of society. Blueprint A few brief critiques of the adversarial process include that during a trial procedure both sides are given the opportunity to present facts to the jury or judge, this allows attorneys to withhold evidence and benefit the side they represent. This confuses the courts instead of elucidating the truth. Cases such as this should not be able to come to a guilty or not guilty verdict, because guilt cannot be proven with a degree of accuracy (Meadow, 1996). Stratification in law does lead to inequality and perpetuates injustice in society. The procedure that is used in our criminal justice system has the ability to lead to a false confession and create mistrust in the system. Bias in our legal system does lead to injustice. All of these factors do create injustice in our legal system by sending innocent people to prison and/or by letting convicted felons free. There are many theories in how to solve the problems with the adversarial process and the legal system in general, but society must change the way it reasons before anything can truly change. History of Common Law and the Adversarial Process To better understand the adversarial process it must first explain through its history and origins. Common law practice developed the adversarial process; England adopted common law and made its practice known throughout the world. Legislators began codifying the law, this later became common law. It was written so that it could be interpreted by the court system. When the courts make a decision in how that law is to be applied it is preserved, and able to be used as a guideline for other cases of the same nature. This proved to be a problem, decisions made by judges were based on the customs of the time period, which became rigid and did not easily allow for change (Cantor, 1997). The English form of common law prohibited representation in court however, during the eighteenth century some courts where beginning to allow legal representation in English common law. Eventually as time progressed, the role legal representation, lawyers, would grow and be more influential in society. The part the Lawyers played in the court system would eventually be the aspect that separated the adversarial process implemented today in the United States from the processes in England. Law became more and more complex so the use of lawyers or professionals of the law was essential in American law making. New research by Randolph N. Jonakait, New York Law School professor, suggests that the United States adopted an adversarial process that somewhat resembled the English model at the time. Besides the already mention use of lawyers, the U.S differed greatly from England, during the 18th century; America had prosecution with a public defender present in the court room compared to no legal representation for the accused in the English model. Also in New Jersey around the same time period, attorneys usually appeared for the prosecution and the defense which in England was rarely practiced. These findings demonstrate that the United States was a forerunner in the creation of the adversarial process that is present today (Jonakait, 2009). Search for Truth: Lawyers and Their Tactics One of the main concepts of the adversarial system is the oppositional presentation of facts. The belief behind this is it will discover all truths to the matter. This leads to the conclusion of the first flaw: that realistically everyone involved in the case is not in search of the truth. â€Å"Lawyers are more apt to hide the evidence that is not favorable to their side regardless of whether it would prove the innocence or guilt of the person on trial† (Schroeder, 2012). Clients hire lawyers to win; the economic state of the client is directly related to the skill level of the lawyer they can afford. Lawyers who are more expensive will use any tactics necessary to ensure a win. The search for truth is not a key value; it’s keeping your client pleased, being the defendant or the state. Attorneys are known to use questionable tactics so that they have the best possibility of winning their case. These tactics include: creating doubt in the jury of guilt or innocence, or even by hiding evidence from the jurors. The search for truth and the execution of justice cannot be fully performed if lawyers proceed to use unethical tactics. Solutions to the Hiding of Evidence A purposed solution to hiding evidence can be demonstrated with a value demonstrated from the inquisitorial system, everyone in the court room works together in search for the truth and justice. The judges, or investigative magistrate, are trained in their profession, taking specific schooling about law making them a vital resource to the legal system. While court is proceeding the judge is allowed to ask questions to keep a case in order. Using a system that does not glorify winning would help the hindering of evidence and other tactics being eradicated form the court room. Although, one flaw with this system is the judge is granted too much power and control over the proceeding, more justice is still found here searching for truth. Stratification in Law It is proven that â€Å"once arrested, black and minority defendants are fare worse in the criminal justice system than their white counter parts† (Westervely Humphrey, 115, 2008). This is due to racial stratification in law and a bias based on race in convictions. Instrumentalist would say law is used to dominate groups, and is structured so that it can benefit certain groups by disadvantaging other groups, by allowing this to happen it perpetuates inequality (Bucher, 2012). Many minorities are unable to pay for legal representation; in this situation the courts provide representation for them. This disadvantages minority individuals in low social class because they lack resources to secure a good lawyer, while high social status clients are able to easily obtain skilled lawyers. This perpetuates stratification because upper class individuals can evade the penalties of the legal system, unlike lower class individuals who cannot afford strong legal representation (Vago, 2012). Marxist theorists would confirm that laws serve the interest of the upper class, and because they use them like a tool, keep the upper class in power. This reinforces inequality in society through the criminal justice system, because the upper class will always be able to have access to more resources they will also always use those resources against the lower class (Bucher, 2012). Process in Criminal Justice Is Justice Served? The pressure felt in a case created by media and the public eye have the ability to cause investigations to be sped up. The endangers the adversarial process to make mistakes and possibly out of convenience and pressure convict the first person they think committed the crime. Once police officers make an arrest they tend to not pursue any other possible leads until the person they have in custody is proven to be innocent. This hurts the search for truth because officers become close minded and search only for evidence to convict that individual. Another factor that can deter the search for truth is false confessions. False confessions, among other factors, are commonly created due to unethical interrogation tactics or confused eye witnesses testimony. â€Å"A confession is one of the most powerful pieces of evidence that can be presented in court† (Westervely Humphrey, 36, 2008). Even if the confession is false, juries have been known to take into consideration testimony even when told not to. False confessions are usually given by suspects who are coerced, confused, have doubt in-self, or shame. All this can be attributed to the psychological games used by interrogators, intentional or unintentional (Gudjonsson, 1992). Can true justice be served when police use unethical tactics to get their confession? This is a question scholars who study ethics have pondered with for decades. Bias in Law There are many principles to consider when a jury is deciding a verdict. Racial beliefs, media and number of factors can influence a jury’s verdict (David F. Hall, 1984). Since each individual interprets the process of the trial differently it greatly influences the decision of case. The way society is socialized leads to certain bias to people of different races, genders, sexuality, and backgrounds. These factors greatly influence a cases outcome, even though lawyers are allowed to select their jury it is impossible to know each person individually (Albonetti and Hagan, 1982). In common law, legislature creates the laws that are written down and left for interpretation by the judges of the court, this is called statutory interpretation (Bucher, 2012). The strength of this system of law is the ability that law has to change; downfall is that it leaves room for bias in the interpretation of law. Some scholars suggest that law and the legal system is patriarchal. The feminist legal theory suggests that the legal system is male dominated and perpetuates gender discrimination (Bucher, 2012). Language can be biased in law; the United States suffers from this weakness. In the Declaration of Independence biased language is evident. â€Å"All Men Are Created Equal† a line from the Declaration of independence has brought forth discussion and conflict because of biases behind the words. Women have fought for their rights to be considered equal because society takes the patriarchal documents literal, progress is slowly made. Everything, including law, can be interpreted differently, making the judge’s job detrimental to the court process. The discretion of the authority in the court system, although important, also creates inconsistency in the legal system. African Americans account for 49.4 percent of the 1.3 million Americans in prison (Westervely Humphrey, 2008). Two different theories can explain the bias in society that explains the high population of African Americans. These theories are the Individual Explanation Theory and the Structural Explanation Theory. Individual Explanation Theory This theory focuses on the behavior and traits of those involved in a trial. Racism is a factor in explaining why an innocent person is tried. This happens because the adversarial system does not focus on searching for the truth and allows the jury to makes a decision on beliefs and prejudices of a certain race. Stereotyping is also included when a jury convicts someone on account of preconceived notions of a group (Westervely Humphrey, 2008). Structural Explanation Theory This theory provides two explanations for the bias. The first is the Blalocks Power-Threat Hypothesis. The hypothesis states that the increase in minority conviction is due to whites trying to keep power and control over minority races by disadvantaging them. The second explanation states that the treatment of minorities in the criminal justice system is a reflection of societal beliefs. â€Å"Equality in the criminal justice system is not possible until everything else is equal† (Westervely Humphrey, 128, 2008). Plea-Bargains and its deficiencies Due to the amount of offenders that go through the U.S. court systems prosecutors are more likely to use plea-bargains to settle cases quickly. â€Å"It is estimated that roughly 90-95 percent of all criminal convictions are arrived through plea–bargains† (Vago, 118). This tactic can be linked to stratification and inequality, when a person on trial does not have the finances for a good lawyer the assumption is that they will lose. This makes a plea-bargain more appealing, as it is the best option to avoid a longer sentence (Kipnis, 1976). â€Å"The Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants summarized the state of representation as follows: â€Å"Overall, there is abundant evidence in this report that defense services for the poor are inadequately funded. As a result, millions of persons who have a constitutional right to counsel are denied effective legal representation†Ã¢â‚¬  (Mosteller, 2011). This is another factor to cause change in the legal system so that truth can properly be found. The ability to plea-guilty hinders the search for truth and justice. In the inquisitorial system guilty pleas and plea-bargaining are not allowed so that the system can properly search for the truth. It does not give the accused rights, unlike the United States. While in the United States the adversarial process gives the accused the ability to plead guilty for a lesser sentence which some would consider â€Å"soft† on crime. In the adversarial process after a confession is given, the investigation is typically over even if the individual is innocent. In the inquisitorial system a confession is not warranted since it is the duty of the court to come up with evidence and prove guilt (Berger, 1972). Injustice With all this bias in our legal system this gives room for errors in justice. â€Å"An error in justice is any departure from an optimal outcome of justice for a criminal case† (Frost, 2004). There are two types of errors that can be described: systematic and random. Systematic is when there is an error within the law that consistently creates injustice. When a law is in enacted and it oppresses a certain group consistently this is systematic injustice. Random errors are created while criminal justice officials are enforcing the law and the error is sporadic (Frost, 2004). Both of these can create errors of due process, which is when the rights of the accused are violated. The first error is miscarriage of justice; an example of this is when an innocent man is convicted of a crime. The second type of error of due process is error of impunity, when an error in the procedure of due process is committed and as a result guilty convict is set free. Both of these do create great mistrust in the legal system and deter people from getting involved within its legal processes (Sherman, 2002). This can lead to what Black was suggesting when he stated that law will shift back to a more primitive family based form of sanctions, because of mistrust in the authority that was supposed to protect them. Change With new understandings of societal factors (race, gender, sexuality) the adversarial system needs to be revised so that it aids the search for truth or it will be blinded by these factors. Society has grown complex and so has its problems with in the legal system. The courts must come up with different resolutions for crimes and convictions, not just a â€Å"one size fits all solution†. In essence the adjudication system is not wrong, but the misuse of evidence and human error leads to mistakes. One might ask should we change the adversarial system entirely or fix the many flaws within the system. The current process being used relies on the state (prosecutor) to determine if the court should or shouldn’t present the evidence accumulated from the crime, or if that would benefit the accused in some way. All evidence should be given to a neutral party, such as the court, and have the court system decide what should be done. This would remove the ability of the prosecutor to hide facts that could be essential to the investigation (Westervely Humphrey, 2008). In an ideal system the court should base their decision after learning all the facts, without any evidence withheld from either side. There can be a mixture of different processes, which can better achieve justice in a complex society. For example, a different process would be needed to determine if a dangerous criminal is guilty than that of finding parental rights. Forms such as the inquisitorial investigation, mediation, private problem-solving, group negotiating processes could be used to search for truth. Conclusion The adversarial systems values do not match what the goals of the system should be. In the ideal system restorative and rehabilitation justice would be utilized to the fullest in order to help the people going through the criminal justice process learn and become productive members of society. Society’s beliefs are that of retribution and vengeance. Society as a whole wants to see criminals punished for crimes that they feel where committed upon them. To completely change the beliefs of the criminal justice system, society needs to change its values from retribution and vengeance, to a form of justice that will help society instead of looking for revenge. Values in the criminal justice system represent what that society believes in. The belief in winning shouldn’t be enforced, like the adversarial process has done, because it does not accomplish what the main goal of the criminal justice system is: to provide justice to the citizens of the country the system serves, along with the search for truth. The values of rehabilitation and restoration should be the foundation on which we build our new system. If this is done than our society will begin to help its self in creating a strong nation that is just and true. References Albonetti, Celesta and Hagan, John. Race, Class, and the Perception of Criminal Injustice in America. American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 88, No. 2 (Sep., 1982), pp. 329-355 Berger, Moise. The Case Against Plea-Bargaining. American Bar Association Journal. Vol 62.pg621.(1972) Black, Donald. The Behavior of Law. The University of Michigan, Academic Press. 1976 Bucher, Jacob. Law and Society. Lectures. Baker University. 2012 Cantor, Norman F. Imagining the law: Common law and the foundations of the American legal system. HarperCollins Publishers (New York). 1997. David F. Hall et al., Post event Information and Changes in Recollection for a Natural Event, in Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives124 (Gary L. Wells Elizabeth F. Loftus eds., 1984) Frost, Brian. Errors of Justice: Nature, Sources, and Remedies. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.2004. Gudjonsson, Gisli H. The psychology of interrogations, confessions and testimony. Wiley series in psychology of crime, policing and law. Oxford, England: John Wiley Sons. (1992). xii 362 pp. Humphrey, John A. Westervely, Saundra D. Wrongly Convicted: Perspectives on Failed Justice. Rutgers State University Press. 2008 Jonakait, Randolph N. The Rise of the American Adversary System: American Before England. New York Law School. Widner Law Review. V14.2009. Kipnis, Kenneth. Criminal Justice and the Negotiated Plea. The University of Chicago Press. Ethics , Vol. 86, No. 2 (Jan., 1976), pp. 93-106 Meadow, Carrie M. The Trouble with the Adversarial System in a Postmodern, Multicultural World. William and Mary Law Review. V.38. 1996. Merrill B. Hintikka Jaakko Hintikka, How Can Language Be Sexist?, in Discovering Reality, supra note 31, at 139. Mosteller, Robert P. Failures of the American Adversarial System to Protect the Innocent and Conceptual Advantages in the Inquisitorial Design for Investigative Fairness.2011. University of North Carolina School of Law. Sherman, Lawrence W. Trust and Confidence in Criminal Justice. NIJ Journal, March (2002): 23-31. Vago, Steven. Law and Society. Pearson Education, Practice Hall.2012.

Boo Radley and Tom Robinson in To Kill A Mockingbird :: Harper Lee, To Kill A Mockingbird

Boo Radley and Tom Robinson come from very different backgrounds. Both face similar stories of prejudice and unfair judgments. These men faced some of the same hardships throughout their lives. Boo and Tom are both good men who were put down because they are considered â€Å"different† than others in the town. Scout learns important lessons from the way the people in town treat Boo and Tom. The title of the book To Kill A Mockingbird takes on different meanings as the author tells the story of these two men from the south. Boo Radley was a man who was never seen out of his house. Since the people of the town saw that he was different than them they thought he was bad. Boo had no chance to stand up for himself because he always stayed inside. Like Boo Radley, Tom Robinson is characterized by what the people of Maycomb county say about him. After being accused of rape, most of the people see him as an evil man. During the trial when Bob Ewell testifies, he points to Tom Robinson and says, "I seen that black nigger yonder ruttin' on my Mayella." (pg. 173) The evidence Atticus brought to court proved Tom innocent. But because this story takes place in the south where many people are racist he was accused of the crime. Tom had no chance because of the color of his skin. Both of these characters were seen for things on the outside and not for who they were. Tom and Boo taught Scout several lessons that she will remember forever. Boo shows her that just because you act different and live a different life that you are not always scary and bad. After Scout meets Boo at the end of the book she realizes that he could not really be the person that the makes him out to be. Tom’s trial shows her that racism is completely wrong but was happening all around her all of the time. She sees how Tom is not guilty but since he is black he is considered bad. She knows that this is wrong and she won’t do it herself. Before the trial she did not even know what racism was. In the book, Atticus tells Scout and Jem, "I'd rather you shoot at tin cans in the backyard, but I know you'll go after birds.

With reference to empirical examples, explore the everyday activities of different groups of migrant workers in (re)producing processes of ‘globalisation’

Globalisation is most commonly known as the process that combines international practices, falling into various strands consisting of â€Å"politics, economics and culture as well as mediated communications† as stated by Marsella and Ring (in Kofman and Youngs, 2003: 3). There are many definitions of globalization that are widely recognized in our present day, the most common, which I will be referring to in this essay, being that of greater economic integration by the increased unity of our world, also known as ‘Economic Globalisation'. Harrison (2007:35) refers to Economic Globalisation as â€Å"increases in trade, foreign investment, and migration† and according to the Global Education Program, within the past few years, the improvement of technologies and ‘reduction of barriers' has meant that the level of exchange between people and countries in terms of ‘goods, services, knowledge and cultures' is ever increasing at speedy rates. As migration falls into a factor of economic globalization, in this essay, I plan to explore how migration influences globalization and the impact it is having on the migrants themselves, also taking into account the social dimension of globalization in terms of how it affects the migrant's identities socially and culturally. Being one of the most passionately debated issues in politics today, Globalization is often split in outlook, with those ‘for' and those ‘against' the phenomena. The positive believers of Globalization argue it is the foundation for solving problems of high unemployment and poverty worldwide, whilst others believe it is rather the catalyst of these issues. In terms of the benefits of Globalisation on an international scale, Dinello and Squire (2005; xv) states â€Å"the proponents of globalization often point to its three-fold beneficial impact, with positive implications for equity: 1) stimulating trade and economic growth, 2) reducing poverty without rise in inequality and 3) contributing to economic and political stability†¦ and statistics provided strongly support these claims. For example, Uganda in 1990 had its poverty rates fall by around 40 per cent whilst its rate of school enrolment doubled in numbers (Dinello and Squire, 2005:xv). However, those who are â€Å"anti-Globalisation† equate the process as having negative impacts such as inequality by only creating economic growth in selected countries as well as increasing the rate of vulnerability in countries and people. Used as an example is China, which has had a remarkable success since entry into the ‘global economy†, however, this success has been accompanied by an â€Å"unparalleled rise in the country's within-country inequality† (Dinello and Squire, 2005:xvi) Migration, as stated by Marsella and Ring (in Adler and Gielen, 2008:11), refers to â€Å"the act or process by which people, especially as a group, move from one location†¦ to another† being a procedure that has been an ‘inherent part of human existence' from early centuries, it is now a central form of our ‘global flow of persons, goods, practices and ideas'. According to the International Organization of Migration (IOM) migration is currently viewed as being one of the most ‘defining global issues' in our present day, with around 192 million people living outside their place of birth in 2005, accounting to be roughly 3 percent of the worlds overall population. The annual growth rate of migration being around 2. 9 percent, however, it should be noted that this rate has stayed constant over the past 30 years (Van Hear, N. nd Nyberg-Sirensen, N, 2006). In continuation, an important factor that Marsella and Ring (2008) raise is the ideology that the movement of migration arises from what can be referred to as â€Å"push and pull† factors. Putting it into perspective, the pull factors of migration being the option of ‘new possibilities, ‘rewards' and ‘hope' as a majority of migrants leave their country of origin to increase their economic prospects and be reacquainted with family and friends. On the other hand, the push factors, which cause migrants to leave their home countries being that of â€Å"a sense of danger, discontentment and boredom† or avoiding dangers of persecution in their home countries (in Adler and Gielen, 2008:11). Van Hear, N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N (2003: 51) state â€Å"The ratio of real income per head in the richest countries to the poorest rose from 10:1 in 1900 to 60:1 by 2000. Such disparities in living standards and the lack of development options in developing countries are at the root of much migration. † Western Europe, North America and Australia are more recognized as the preferred locations by all migrants ranging from the lower class, asylum seekers and skilled professionals. However, despite migrants personal beliefs of achieving better lives, historically, migratory workers are most typically known to have very low economic status due to their low pay, often living in ghettos and suffering from relative poverty due to migrants being â€Å"sources of cheap labour†, vulnerable to abuse, exploitation and mistreatment (Adler and Gielen, 2008:11). Frequently, workers from developing countries such as Bangladesh and Vietnam are lured to developed countries with the illusions of being provided with better economic status through higher wages and improved employment only to arrived and be subjected to wages below the minimum and inhuman working hours. Marsella and Ring (in Adler and Gielen, 2008:11), referred to this as ‘modern-day slavery', as often these migrant workers can not â€Å"escape, and if they try may be assaulted or killed (as)†¦ Many are illegal immigrants†¦ and have no one to turn to for assistance† The process of Migration, however, has an impact not only on those directly involved but also on their host country, the biggest benefit, being the transfer of skills and labour as countries can invite migrants to fill in the gaps in their labour markets. In addition, they introduce new cultures, increase workforce competition but can also have negative impacts such as increasing strains on the host's economy if claiming government benefits. Although Migration is a key element greatly influenced by Globalisation, it is found that â€Å"Discussions of Globalisation rarely consider international migration at all†¦ † (Stalker, 2000;1). In terms of how migration relates to Globalisation, Taran (1999) implies that this new age of Globalization is â€Å"now generating a new configuration of forces promoting migration† (Adler and Gielen 2008:13) and states seven reasons for current Globalisation influenced migration, some of which being â€Å"aspects of Globalisation such as unemployment and culture conflict†,† development-induced migration† and â€Å"large-scale corruption. This being highly portrayed in the fact that increases in â€Å"forced migration† is present as the number of â€Å"illegal immigrants showing up throughout the world and requesting asylum† is on the increase. An example being that of hundreds of illegal migrants that had to be declined entry into Australia via Indonesia typifies (Adler and Gielen 2008:15). There are a lot of misconceptions about the current trends in migration and development, Van Hear and Nyberg-Sirensen (2003: 51) argue that â€Å"the popular conception that the poor are migrating from the (Global) South to the (Global) North is unfounded†. In fact it is shown that â€Å"most migration is among developing countries rather then from the developing world to the developed†. An important fact they raise is that of the lack financial resources that ‘the poorest of the poor† have, which is ‘1. 2 billion people living on less than US$1 a day' as well as adequate network connections, they simply can not afford the cost of ‘Inter-continental migration'. The ideology of migrant workers being predominantly in the unskilled work sector is also debatable. A good example of being Switzerland, which, due to a raise in economic expansion and the need for workers to fill the labour shortages, signed foreign labour recruitment agreements and now is classed as having one of the highest immigration rates on the continent. Similar to most European countries, Switzerland has and continues to take advantage of the available labour in other countries to ensure economic growth. In Accordance with the 2000 census, over 22% of its total population were foreign born. In continuation, although the beliefs are that migrants tend to have low status jobs, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) state that in 2001, the highest number of foreign workers were â€Å"in the areas of commerce, banking and insurance† in Switzerland, which was a figure just over 24%, next was metalwork and machinery (15. 8%) (OECD, 2004; 36). The statistics suggest traditional views of migrants being low-end workers may be rather a narrow viewpoint, especially in terms of countries within the European Union. In saying this however, although the lack of available statistics makes it difficult to assess the skill levels of foreign workers in Switzerland, statistics of available data does suggest that a high majority of foreign workers are unskilled in relation to Swiss Nationals. A high 36% percent of Foreign nationals leaving school after compulsory education, in comparison to only 18% for Swiss nationals (OECD, 2004). Migration has positive effects on two levels,Van Hear, N. nd Nyberg-Sirensen, N describe this as the ‘family level' and the ‘community level'. The family level being the fact that migration can help people gain access to better housing increased household earnings and advanced healthcare and educational opportunities. Van Hear, N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N 2003: 52) argue the â€Å"positive effects may spread to the wider community and society, preventing the decline of rural communities or collapse of national economies†. In terms of the community level, â€Å"migrants' hometown associations (HTAs) may serve as platforms resulting in significant development, such as improvements in local health, education, sanitation, and infrastructure conditions, benefiting migrant and non-migrant households. â€Å". Van Hear, N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N argue however that a major drawback of migration is that the negative impact faced by the ‘sending community' if a majority of their skilled labour force is sent abroad, this devaluing the countries labour market. Nevertheless, through remittances this disadvantage can be overlooked, as it allows surpluses to be sent back to home families. Studies have shown that remittances generally contribute to a raise in trade levels, income distribution and economic growth, Kavita Datta et al (2007: 46) refers to the â€Å"growing focus on financial remittances as potential drivers of development† where in a recent report made by the World Bank, â€Å"officially recorded remittances to the developing world in 2005 were US$167 billion, a dramatic increase from US$31. 2 billion in 1990† Therefore making remittance â€Å"the second-largest capital ? w – behind foreign direct investment†. Remittances have a great impact on those in developing countries as they provide immediate financial support. Manuel Orozco (2002) argues that the function of recent family remittances is a vital sign of Globalisation in Central America and the Caribbean. Manuel (2002) states â€Å"family remittances are currently one of the most important forms of linkage among emigrants Latinos and Latin America† confirming that â€Å"Many Latin American countries find family remittances an important source of national income† (Manuel, 2002;46). Din (2006) stated â€Å"remittances continue to play an important part in the link between ‘prosperous' British Pakistanis and those relatives who still depend on remittances†. It is especially important for many households, as it is a direct form of financial resources and therefore has a greater impact then other resource flows (N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N 2003: 53). Datta et al (2007; 53) refers to a care worker from Jamaica who regularly sent money back home and a man who has taken on the role of a ‘transnational father' sending home not only financial remittances for his children but also various needed resources. On the other hand, As beneficial as remittances are they are also selective and do not benefit the wider community, tending to be most advantageous to those from better-off households who have the initial capital to send that family member abroad (N. and Nyberg-Sirensen, N, 2003). Din (2006; 25) points out that it mainly only benefits the immediate family and in relation to Pakistanis â€Å"despite the increase in financial resources for some lower caste families, they still remained in the same caste†, meaning they still faced the same judgments. The cultural impact migrants have on Globalisation is highly evident in Britain today, where we have a high range of various ethnic minority and exceedingly multi-cultural communities, creating a versatile and vibrant society, full of a vast range of cultures and identities. Often migrant's practices, customs and branches of their original culture are brought over and recreated in their host countries, an empirical example being that of Chinatown in London's West End. Although there are many advantages of cultural migrant impacts, feelings of hatred can arise and prompt social conflicts. Moses (2008:176) argues that while â€Å"many people are willing to embrace the economic and political gains from globalization, there is a persistent fear that globalization undermines national cultures and identities. † A multicultural society may be seen as quite threatening to those native-born citizens of the host countries. Engels (in Ikhlaq Din, 2006:29) states â€Å"migration has always been a controversial issue both socially and politically. During periods of mass migration to the UK white and non-white migrants faced hostility when looking for employment and housing†. However, In Margaret Brearly's (2007) article â€Å"THE ANGLICAN CHURCH, JEWS AND BRITISH MULTICULTURALISM† she states the statistics collected from a mori poll for the BBC in August 2005, soon after the London July bombings showed that although 32% of the population thought that multiculturalism â€Å"threatens the British way of life†, 62% believed that â€Å"multiculturalism makes Britain a better place to live. Its can be argued that Migration causes the involved individuals to lose their own culture in some cases. For example, Margaret Brearly's (2007) refers to ‘Other commentators' that have argued that multicultulist policies that have failed to â€Å"to promote formal learning of English, prevent integration† which has caused â€Å"inter-ethnic tensions and ghettoization into separate enclaves with high unemployment and social alienation. (75% of Pakistani and Bangladeshi families are classified as living in poverty, while 35% of Muslim children live in ‘workless' homes)†¦ In this, following this concept, through the movement of increased migration and globalization as a whole, there would be greater harmonization, which could evidentially lead to one overall shared culture worldwide. Datta et al (2006; 48) state it is evident that the process of migration is becoming a highly influential factor for the functioning of global cities such as London, â€Å"arguably creating a ‘migrant division of labour' (May et al. , 2006)†. Work Permits (UK) has facilitated the application process so for example, foreign students studying the United Kingdom have the ability to apply for a work permit immediately after they graduate, whereas previously they were required to return to their home country before application (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; 2004) Datta et al (2007) quotes Ratha (2003) in stating â€Å"there has also been a major shift in recent years in the way in which Northern governments view migration†. For a start, a number of governments and IFIs now agree that migration contributes to economic growth both nationally and globally†. In â€Å"International migration† by Jonathon Moses (2006; 159) he refers to two groups of migrant home countries, those with a â€Å"relatively small, but poorly paid workforce† and those with a â€Å"limitless supply of cheap unskilled labour†. The latter group being that of countries such as Bangladesh and India, which have an infinite amount of cheap ‘unskilled labour'. In these countries, it is expectant to find government incentives and ‘targeted government institutions' to encourage ‘migration, remittances and repatriation'. Moses (2006) goes on to explain that in the countries without excess surplus of labour, emigration can reduce the nations already limited supply of labour, not all negative however, â€Å"this increased scarcest brings with it greater influence and a better price†. Therefore internationally it can be argued that migration has lead to improvements in both the Global South and North as Harrison (2007) argues that poverty in the South falls for two reasons, firstly â€Å"the migration of capital to poor countries raises wages in poor countries, and the migration of unskilled labor from poor to rich nations raises the income of both the migrants and those workers who remain behind† (Harrison, 2007; 112). However it is also important to note that many developing countries face what Moses (2006) refers to as â€Å"brain drain† which was first used to refer to the Indian Economy. During the 1970s to 1980s it was found that the ‘entire graduating classes' from elite Indian institutes of technology emigrated, many achieving financial success abroad (Moses; 2006). Africa being the worst disadvantaged, as it suffered from a shortage of labour, a substantially high number of doctors trained in Ghana during the 1980s left the country, according to the UNDP's 1992 Human Development report, the figure was at least 60 per cent. The shortage of labour therefore, leading to a stunt in economic development (Moses 2006). However, Moses (2006; 174) suggested that in the long run these home countries could benefit from the ‘brain-drain' thesis as first generation â€Å"brain-drain migrants have managed to build technology bridges that span the divide separating developing and developed worlds. † Once the bridges are created these individuals can then return back to their countries and capitalizes on investments that have been made in education and human ‘capital development' (Moses 2006; 174). To conclude the main influence migrants have on Globalisation is through remittances, by supplying their families back home with financial support they aid in lowering the rate of poverty. In addition, if remittance funding is used for capital generation it aids in creating an increase in the home countries economic growth. However, due to the nature of remittances being selective, it is not beneficial to all and could be argued promotes further inequality, especially within developing countries. In addition, the low working conditions and personal sacrifices these workers make to be able to remit needs to be put into consideration. What needs to promoted is the economic development of the Global South, which would decrease the incentives to migrate as, in accordance with Stalker (2000;10) â€Å"In theory Globalization should eventually make countries economically more equivalent so people should not need to move around the world searching for work† . More development policies are needed and perhaps the advancement in Globalisation is needed, as the exposing of developing economies to the Global world, through competition, will create efficiency and productivity. The detrimental effects of unsuccessful migration also needs to be taken into account, in cases where migrants are not contributive to taxes and drain on government revenue and in terms of culture where native-born citizens feel threatened. All in all, i feel for migration to have an influential impact on Globalisation trade and foreign investment must also be taken into account, as migration is only one factor. Secondly for a positive impact, migration must be controlled and efficiently regulated.

Expanded Functions of Dental Assistants

Dental Assistant are expected to perform â€Å"basic supportive dental procedures†, that is, dental procedures that have technically elementary characteristics, are completely reversible, and are unlikely to post potentially hazardous conditions for the patient being treated. Some states require Dental Assistants to be trained in a variety of â€Å"expanded duties†. Each state differs in expected requirements. Florida and Minnesota are the two states I am going to focus on.Dental Assistants in the state of Florida must have formal training to perform multiple expanded functions. For an individual to perform the expanded functions of a Dental Assistant they must graduate from a CODA accredited Dental Assisting program provided that it includes the appropriate training in expanded functions. Kaplan College in Jacksonville, FL is one of these schools. The other way a Dental Assistant that lives in Florida can perform expanded duties is if they successfully complete a Flori da Board approved expanded duties training program.Florida offers 14 expanded functions under the direct supervision of a licensed dentist, 18 expanded functions under indirect supervision of the dentist and 2 expanded functions under general supervision. These expanded functions allow a Dental Assistant in the state of Florida to be a huge asset to a dental clinic. Florida offers one of the longest lists of expanded functions available for the Dental Assistant to perform. By learning to be comfortable with the expanded functions, you are allowing yourself to learn beyond the average assistant and excelling at your career.Some of the 14 expanded functions that are required of a Dental Assistant under direct supervision of a licensed dentist include: ~ Using appropriate implements for preliminary charting of the existing restorations and missing teeth and visual assessment of existing oral conditions. ~Packing and removing retraction cord. ~Polishing clinical crowns when not for the purpose of changing the existing contour of tooth. ~Selecting and pre-sixing orthodontic bands. ~Removing and recementing properly contoured and fitting loose bands. ~ Making impressions. Fabricating temporary crowns or bridges. ~Cementing temporary crowns and bridges with temporary cement. ~Placing or removing temporary restorations. ~Removing excess cement from dental restorations. ~Monitor the administration of nitrous oxide, make adjustments during administration. ~Inserting or removing dressings from alveolar sockets in post-operative situations. Some of the 18 expanded functions that are required of a Dental Assistant under indirect supervision of a licensed dentist include: ~Removing sutures. ~Securing or unsecuring an archwire. Applying topical fluorides. ~Positioning and exposing dental and carpal radiographic film. ~ Placing and removing dental dams. ~ Applying cavity liners, varnishes or bases. ~Placing periodontal dressings. ~ Applying sealants. ~ Placing and removing pr escribed pretreatment separators ~ Making impressions for study cases. ~ Placing and/or removing matrixes. ~ Removing periodontal or surgical dressings. The 2 functions that a Dental Assistant in Florida can perform under general supervision include: ~Instructing patients in oral hygiene care. Fabricating temporary crowns or bridges in a laboratory. Being an Expanded Function Dental Assistant in the state of Florida is a rewarding and challenging job. Florida offers multiple locations to receive your degree and is one of the leading states in accelerated programs. The job outlook for Dental Assistance in Florida is very good. The average pay for an Expanded Functions Dental Assistant is between $14. 00 and $18. 00 an hour. Now let’s take a look at the expanded functions of a Dental Assistant in the state of Minnesota.First of all, the educational requirements in Minnesota differ greatly from the requirements of Florida. The state of Minnesota does not recognize the name of Ex panded Function Dental Assistant; instead, they are Licensed Dental Assistants. To earn the status of a Licensed Dental Assistant in the state of Minnesota, a dental assistant must pass the DANB Certified Dental Assistant exam and either: ~Graduate from a MN CODA-accredited dental assisting program Or ~Graduate from a CODA-accredited program in a state other then MN and upon MN board review of curriculum, complete additional coursework Or Graduate from a non-CODA accredited dental assisting program or complete office training and complete a MN board approved course in Expanded Functions in MN. You also need to pass the MN Licensure exam, pass the MN Jurisprudence Exam and apply for registration to the MN Board of Dentistry. As you can see, MN is one state that requires a lot of certification to be considered an Expanded Function Dental Assistant. I feel it is important to know what is required of you from state to state so you are prepared as a Dental Assistant to meet each requirem ent before you decide to officially move.There are 3 expanded functions that an Expanded Functions Dental Assistant can perform under direct supervision by the licensed dentist, 12 functions that can be performed under indirect supervision, 2 functions under general supervision and 3 functions under personal supervision. The schooling required in the state of Minnesota outdoes the amount of responsibilities you will perform in your career as an Expanded Dental Assistant. The average salary in the state of MN is the same as the state of Florida – $14. 00 to $18. 00 per hour. It all depends on the office you work in to determine your pay and benefits.The expanded functions that a Dental Assistant can perform in the state of Minnesota differ then the expanded functions in the state of Florida. There are only 3 expanded functions that can be performed under direct supervision of a licensed dentist, 12 expanded functions under indirect supervision and 2 expanded functions under ge neral supervision. There are also 3 expanded functions that can be performed under personal supervision. The expanded functions that can be performed by the Dental Assistant under direct supervision include: ~ Place and remove matrix bands.Fabricate, cement and adjust temporary restorations extraorally and intraorally. ~ Remove temporary restorations with hand instruments only. This list is quite a bit shorter than the list of expanded functions that can be performed under direct supervision of a licensed dentist in Florida. The expanded functions that can be performed under indirect supervision include: ~Perform mechanical polishing to clinical crowns ~ Remove sutures ~ Dry root canals with paper points. ~ Remove and place ligature ties and arch wires on orthodontic appliances. ~ Apply topical medication. Place and remove rubber damns. ~ Preselect orthodontic bands. ~ Place and remove periodontal dressings. ~ Etch appropriate enamel surfaces. ~ Place and remove elastic orthodontics . ~ Monitor a patient that who has been induced by a dentist. ~ Remove excess cement from inlays, crowns, bridges and orthodontic appliances.The expanded functions that can be performed under general supervision include: ~Take radiographs. ~ Place temporary fillings. The expanded functions that can be performed by a Dental Assistant under personal supervision include: Retract a patient’s cheek, tongue or other parts of tissue during a dental operation. ~ Remove debris normally created during the course of treatment. ~Provide general assistance to a licensed dentist, hygienist and registered dental assistants in the performance of their duties. After reviewing the expanded functions of Dental Assistants in the state of Florida and Minnesota, I am very happy to start my Dental Assisting career. I will have more responsibilities and duties to perform in a dental practice in Florida. This will allow me to show the Dentist how productive and motivated I am in my career.I was surpr ised how different each states requirement for education compared to what an Assistant can perform though, but am glad I am now aware of what each state offers. I look forward to all the expanded functions available for me in both states and I know that I will excel at them. This research project allowed me to fully understand what will be expected of me here in Florida and Minnesota.Work Cited:(1) http://www. payscale. com Average state salary(2)http://www. danb. org Educational requirements and allowable functions

ENG4U0 Essays - Fiction, Education, Literature, Characters In Hamlet

ENG4U0 Essays - Fiction, Education, Literature, Characters In Hamlet ENG4U0 Teacher's name Date Student's name Rachel comes of age at her own expense and little influence from other characters in the play, however,in the film Rachel comes of age due to a heavy impact and influence from other on her. Rachel's maturing and tolerance developed for other ideologies is shown very well through Rachel's attitude toward Evolution and Cates deeds by the end of the play, her sense of fear which she tries to free herself and break through, and similarities to Gertrude's approach toward Claudius' actions in the play Hamlet . Rachel's journey to critical thinking and maturing mentally begins when the trial challenges her to reconsider her ideology. The trial of Brett Cates challenges Rachel to step out of her comfort zone, think critically, and analyze different possibilities and beliefs. Consequently, Rachel begins to change her perspective of other people's opinions. After the trial, Rachel is talking to Bert and Henry Drummond; She shares her new abstract of thinking and viewing different situations. "This is your book, Bert. I've read it. All the way through. I don't understand it. What I do understand, I don't like. I don't want to think that men came from apes and monkeys. But I think that's beside the point" (Play 124). Rachel do admit that she doesn't understand On the Origin of Species , but it is clear that now she has a sense of tolerance for other perspectives and ideologies. This solid tolerance gained after a confusion-like state is very well explained by Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial developments. Erikson's theory states that there is a time in our lifetime which we go though a sense of self search, personal identity, and personal value evaluation. "The fifth stage is identity vs. role confusion, and it occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years. During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs and goals." Erikson's theory explains why and how Rachel became self aware, reconsidered, and reevaluated her belief system and ideology which she was forced to believe by her father and the teaching system of 1950s. Rachel goes through a role confusion and tries to decide between identities that she can pursue. Ultimately, Rachel as a result of her mental experiments and the situation she is in, chooses to become an independent thinker, and leaves her father, one of the main contributors to her fundamentalistic ideology she had before. "I'll help you!" (Play 129), Rachel says to Cates, who taught his students to be critical thinkers and examine both thought-systems, evolution and religion critically. Likewise, Rachel approaches her new system of thinking by the help of the fear she has; specifically, a sense of fear from her father. "... I wanted to run to my father, and have him tell me I was safe, that everything was alright. But I was always more frightened of him than I was of falling. It's the same way now." (Play 55). Fear can both be good and bad for a person. Sometimes it can be a motivator, though sometimes it can be a reason for not processing forward into the better. The sense of the fear Rachel has, eventually pushes her into breaking the imaginary bonds that are holding her back from being a critical thinker of situations and matters. She talks about her sense of fear in various parts of the play. This fear is seen in Rachel is like a tide of wave in an ocean that pushes the person back. Rachel fights with this sense of fear, tries to solve it within herself. Gradually, she frees herself, admitting her fear was holding her back "...I was always afraid of wh at I might think - so it seemed safer not to think at all. " (Play 124). Furthermore, Rachel's coming of age is very similar, in both the context and the way it happened to Gertrude in the play Hamlet . In Shakespeare's play, Hamlet, Gertrude is unaware of who Claudius really is. She even at points stand against her own son, calling him mad not knowing she has mistaken the guilty person. Alas, how is 't with you, That

Battle of Harpers Ferry During the American Civil War

Battle of Harpers Ferry During the American Civil War The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12-15, 1862, during the American Civil War (18611865). Background Following his victory at the Second Battle of Manassas in late August 1862, General Robert E. Lee elected to invade Maryland with the goals of resupplying the Army of Northern Virginia in enemy territory as well as inflicting a blow on Northern morale.   With Major General George B. McClellans Army of the Potomac mounting a leisurely pursuit, Lee split his command with Major Generals James Longstreet, J.E.B. Stuart, and D.H. Hill entering and remaining in Maryland while Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson received orders to swing west then south to  secure Harpers Ferry.   The site of   John Browns 1859 raid, Harpers Ferry was situated at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers and contained a Federal arsenal.   On low ground, the town was dominated by Bolivar Heights to the west, Maryland Heights to northeast, and Loudoun Heights to the southeast. Jackson Advances Crossing the Potomac north of Harpers Ferry with 11,500 men, Jackson intended to attack the town from the west.   To support his operations, Lee dispatched 8,000 men under Major General Lafayette McLaws and 3,400 men under Brigadier General John G. Walker to secure Maryland and Loudoun Heights respectively.   On September 11, Jacksons command approached Martinsburg while McLaws reached Brownsville approximately six miles northeast of Harpers Ferry.   To the southeast, Walkers men were delayed due to a failed attempt to destroy the aqueduct carrying the Chesapeake Ohio Canal over the Monocacy River.   Poor guides further slowed his advance. The Union Garrison As Lee moved north, he expected the Union garrisons at Winchester, Martinsburg, and Harpers Ferry to be withdrawn to prevent being cut off and captured.   While the first two fell back, Major General Henry W. Halleck, the Union general in chief, directed Colonel Dixon S. Miles to hold Harpers Ferry despite requests from McClellan for the troops there to join the Army of the Potomac.   Possessing around 14,000 largely inexperienced  men, Miles had been assigned to Harpers Ferry in disgrace after a court of inquiry found that he had been drunk during the First Battle of Bull Run the previous year.   A 38-year veteran of the US Army who had been brevetted for his role in the Siege of Fort Texas  during the Mexican-American War, Miles failed to understand the terrain around Harpers Ferry and concentrated his forces in the town and on Bolivar Heights.   Though perhaps the most important position, Maryland Heights was only garrisoned by around 1,600 men under Colonel Thomas H. Ford. The Confederates Attack On September 12, McLaws pushed forward Brigadier General Joseph Kershaws brigade.   Hampered by difficult terrain, his men moved along Elk Ridge to Maryland Heights  where they encountered Fords troops.   After some skirmishing, Kershaw elected to pause for the night.   At 6:30 AM the next morning, Kershaw resumed his advance with Brigadier General William Barksdales brigade in support on the left.   Twice assaulting the Union lines, the Confederates were beaten back with heavy losses.   Tactical command on Maryland Heights that morning devolved  to Colonel Eliakim Sherrill as Ford had taken  ill.   As the fighting continued, Sherrill fell when a bullet struck his cheek.   His loss shook his regiment, the  126th New York, which had only been in the army  three weeks.   This, coupled with an attack on their flank by Barksdale, caused the New Yorkers to break and flee to the rear. On the heights, Major Sylvester Hewitt rallied the remaining units and assumed a new position.   Despite this, he received orders from Ford at 3:30 PM to retreat back across the river even though 900 men from the 115th New York remained in reserve.   As McLaws men struggled to take Maryland Heights, Jackson and Walkers men arrived in the area.   In Harpers Ferry, Miles subordinates quickly realized that the garrison was surrounded and implored their commander to mount a counterattack on Maryland Heights.   Believing that holding Bolivar Heights was all that was necessary, Miles refused.   That night, he dispatched Captain Charles Russell and nine men from the 1st Maryland Cavalry to inform McClellan of the situation and that he could only hold out for forty-eight hours.   Receiving this message, the McClellan directed VI Corps to move to relieve the garrison and sent multiple  messages to Miles informing him that aid was coming.   These failed to arrive in time to inf luence events. The Garrison Falls The next day, Jackson commenced emplacing guns on Maryland Heights while Walker did the same on Loudoun.   While Lee and McClellan fought to the east at the ​​​Battle of South Mountain, Walkers guns opened fire on Miles positions around 1:00 PM.   Later that afternoon,  Jackson directed Major General A.P. Hill  to move along the west bank of the Shenandoah to threat Union left on Bolivar Heights.   As night fell, Union officers in Harpers Ferry knew that the end was approaching but remained unable to convince Miles to attack Maryland Heights.   Had they moved forward, they would have found the heights guarded by a single regiment as McLaws had withdrawn the bulk of his command to aid in blunting VI Corps advance at Cramptons Gap.   That night, against Miles wishes, Colonel Benjamin Davis led 1,400 cavalrymen in a breakout attempt.   Crossing the Potomac, they slipped around Maryland Heights and rode north.   In the course of their escape, they c aptured one of Longstreets reserve ordnance trains and escorted it north to Greencastle, PA. As dawn rose on September 15, Jackson had moved around 50 guns into position on the heights opposite Harpers Ferry.   Opening fire, his artillery struck Miles rear and flanks on Bolivar Heights and preparations commenced for an assault at 8:00 AM.   Believing the situation hopeless and unaware that relief was en route, Miles met with his brigade commanders  and made the decision to surrender.   This was met with some hostility from a number of his officers who demanded the opportunity to fight their way out.   After arguing with a captain from the 126th New York, Miles was struck in the leg by a Confederate shell.   Falling, he had so angered his subordinates that it initially proved difficult to find someone to carry him to the hospital.   Following Miles wounding, Union forces moved forward with the surrender. Aftermath The Battle of  Harpers Ferry saw the Confederates sustain 39 killed and  247 wounded  while Union losses totaled 44 killed, 173 wounded, and 12,419 captured.   In addition, 73 guns were lost.      The  capture of the Harpers  Ferry garrison represented the Union  Armys largest surrender of the  war and the US Armys largest until the fall of  Bataan in 1942.   Miles  died  from his wounds on September 16 and never  had to face the consequences for his performance.  Ã‚  Occupying the town, Jacksons men took possession of a large volume of Union  supplies and the arsenal.   Later that afternoon, he received urgent word from Lee to rejoin the main army at Sharpsburg.   Leaving Hills men to parole the Union prisoners, Jacksons troops marched north where they would play a key  role in the Battle of Antietam on September 17. Armies Commanders Union Colonel Dixon S. Milesapprox. 14,000 men Confederate Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksonapprox. 21,000-26,000 men Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Battle of Harpers FerryNational Park Service: Battle of Harpers FerryHistoryNet: Battle of Harpers Ferry

Sexism in different cultures and societies Research Paper

Sexism in different cultures and societies - Research Paper Example The above statistics clearly show that sexism exists in many forms in America. In schools, teachers, give more attention to the boys than the girls. They believe that boys are brighter than girls and should get more attention. In professional world, women are getting lesser salaries than men even though both of them are doing the same job. Many organizations in America have the belief that men can handle certain jobs better than women. For example, in the recently concluded American Presidential election, Hillary Clinton fought hard against current President Obama for getting the Democratic Party nomination. However, majority of the Americans, voted in favor of Obama because of their perception that a male President could be more effective than a female President. If we take the number of women presidents or prime ministers in countries worldwide, we can see that the number of females is much lesser than the number of males. Even in America like advanced country, people believe that men have superior abilities in taking decisions and handling pressure and this belief is definitely the contribution of sexism. The number of females going to colleges is less than the number of boys when we consider the statistics of boys and girls who attend the college education in America after their school education. This is because of the parental belief that giving college education to the boys is more important than giving college education to girls. If an American family faces financial problems in giving education to their children., they will stop the education of their daughters first and will try maximum to give education to their sons. Majority of the men in America believe that the primary role of women is to do all the housework at home. Only after the completion of the house works, men like their wives going for other professional works. McFadden (2010) has pointed out that in American society, â€Å"Women are still being fired for getting pregnant and getting demo ted